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1
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2
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- Forces that hold groups of atoms
- together and make them function
- as a unit.
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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- All salts, which are composed of
metals bonded to nonmetals, are
ionic compounds and form ionic crystals.
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9
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10
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11
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12
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13
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- Lattice: A 3-dimensional system
of points designating the centers of components (atoms, ions, or
molecules) that make up the substance.
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14
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15
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16
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- Model: Packing uniform, hard
spheres to best use available space.
This is called closest packing.
Each atom has 12 nearest neighbors.
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17
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- Substitutional Alloy: some metal
atoms replaced by others of similar size.
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18
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- Interstitial Alloy: Interstices
(holes) in closest packed metal structure are occupied by small atoms.
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19
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20
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21
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22
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- 2nd row elements C, N, O, F observe the octet rule.
- 2nd row elements B and Be often have fewer than 8 electrons around
themselves - they are very reactive.
- 3rd row and heavier elements CAN exceed the octet rule using empty
valence d orbitals.
- When writing Lewis structures, satisfy octets first, then place
electrons around elements having available d orbitals.
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23
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- Shows how valence electrons are arranged among atoms in a molecule.
- Reflects central idea that stability of a compound relates to noble gas
electron configuration.
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24
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25
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26
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27
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28
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- Occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a
particular molecule.
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29
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30
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- Models are attempts to explain
how nature operates on the microscopic level based on experiences in the
macroscopic world.
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31
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- A model does not equal reality.
- Models are oversimplifications, and are therefore often wrong.
- Models become more complicated as they age.
- We must understand the underlying assumptions in a model so that we
don’t misuse it.
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32
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- The structure around a given atom is determined principally by
minimizing electron pair repulsions.
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33
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- Draw Lewis structure.
- Put pairs as far apart as
possible.
- Determine positions of atoms from
the way electron pairs are
shared.
- Determine the name of molecular
structure from positions of the atoms.
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34
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35
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- A molecule, such as HF, that
has a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge is said
to be polar, or to have a dipole moment.
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36
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37
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38
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39
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40
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41
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Notes
