|
1
|
|
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2
|
- Dipole-dipole attraction
- Hydrogen bonds
- Dispersion forces
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|
3
|
- Substances with very little intermolecular attraction exist as gases
- Substances with strong intermolecular attraction exist as liquids
- Substances with very strong intermolecular (or ionic) attraction exist
as solids
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|
4
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
7
|
- Crystalline Solids: highly
regular arrangement of their components [table salt (NaCl), pyrite (FeS2)].
|
|
8
|
- Lattice: A 3-dimensional system
of points designating the centers of components (atoms, ions, or
molecules) that make up the substance.
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|
9
|
|
|
10
|
- Model: Packing uniform, hard
spheres to best use available space.
This is called closest packing.
Each atom has 12 nearest neighbors.
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|
11
|
- Amorphous solids: considerable
disorder in their structures (glass and plastic).
|
|
12
|
|
|
13
|
- Represents phases as a function of temperature and pressure.
- Critical temperature: temperature
above which the vapor can not be liquefied.
- Critical pressure: pressure
required to liquefy AT the critical temperature.
- Critical point: critical
temperature and pressure (for water, Tc = 374°C and 218 atm).
|
|
14
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
18
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
20
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
26
|
|
|
27
|
|
|
28
|
|
|
29
|
|
|
30
|
|
|
31
|
|
|
32
|
- The solubility of MOST solids increases with temperature.
- The rate at which solids dissolve increases with increasing surface area
of the solid.
- The solubility of gases decreases with increases in temperature.
- The solubility of gases increases with the pressure above the solution.
|
|
33
|
|
|
34
|
- A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that may be
dissolved under existing conditions is saturated.
- A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under
existing conditions is unsaturated.
- A solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution
under the same conditions is supersaturated.
|
|
35
|
|
|
36
|
- Concentration - A measure of the amount of
- solute in a given amount of solvent or solution
|
|
37
|
|
|
38
|
|
|
39
|
|
|
40
|
|
|
41
|
|
|
42
|
|
|
43
|
- Highest volume production of any
chemical in the U.S.
- Used in the production of paper
- Used in production of fertilizers
- Used in petroleum refining
|
|
44
|
- Used in the production of fertilizers
- Used in the production of explosives
- Nitric acid is a volatile acid – its reactive components evaporate
easily
- Stains proteins (including skin!)
|
|
45
|
- Used in the pickling of steel
- Used to purify magnesium from sea water
- Part of gastric juice, it aids in the digestion of protein
- Sold commercially as “Muriatic acid”
|
|
46
|
- A flavoring agent in sodas
- Used in the manufacture of detergents
- Used in the manufacture of fertilizers
- Not a common laboratory reagent
|
|
47
|
- Used in the manufacture of plastics
- Used in making pharmaceuticals
- Acetic acid is the acid present in vinegar
|
|
48
|
|
|
49
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
51
|
|
|
52
|
|
|
53
|
- Citric acid in citrus fruit
- Malic acid in sour apples
- Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA
- Amino acids, the building blocks
of protein
- Lactic acid in sour milk and sore
muscles
- Butyric acid in rancid butter
|
|
54
|
|
|
55
|
|
|
56
|
|
|
57
|
|
|
58
|
|
|
59
|
|
|
60
|
|
|
61
|
- Sodium hydroxide (lye), NaOH
- Potassium hydroxide, KOH
- Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2
- Calcium hydroxide (lime), Ca(OH)2
|
|
62
|
|
|
63
|
|
|
64
|
|
Notes
